Tools and Techniques
Chromatography | Fabrication | General | Measurement | Microscopy | Photography | Radiometry | Spectroscopy | Thermometry | Vacuum

topChromatography
 

February, 1976. Thin-Layer Chromatography: a Convenient Way of Separating Things That Are Very Much Alike
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

March, 1969. Various Kinds of Chromatography, Especially the Thin-Layer Method
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

June, 1962. Analysis of Blood Serum Protiens By Means of Zone Electrophoresis
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

July, 1961. An Amateur Uses Paper Chromatography to Separate the Constituents of Mixtures
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

August, 1955. Concerning an Electrophoresis Apparatus to Separate the Components of a Mixture
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

topFabrication
 

December, 1975. Diverse Topics, Starting with How to Supply Electric Power to Something That Is Turning
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

October, 1967. How to "Sputter" Thin Films of Metal Onto Glass and Experiment with Them
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 4: (POSSIBLY LETHAL!!) Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

May, 1964. Blowing Glass for the Amateur Laboratory Is Really Not As Difficult As It May Seem
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

topGeneral
 

Nov, 2001. Simple Secrets of Distillation
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

September, 2000. Using a Kite as an Experimental Platform
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: Easy; no special skills needed. Danger 1: (No Hazards)  Utility: 

April, 2000. A Furnace in a Thermos
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

July, 1975. Among Other Things, a Greenhouse Shade That Re-Creates the Lighting of the Tropics
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

June, 1975. Diverse Topics, From Enhanced Astronomical Photograph to an Ingenious Electric Motor
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

November, 1974. Of Cross-Staffs, Paraboloids, Sun Viewers and Other Useful Tools and Experiments
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

February, 1974. The Voiceprints of Birdsongs and Cockroaches in a Maze
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

October, 1973. Moir* Patterns Draw Contours, and a Meter Determines Current in Electrostatic Circuits
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

April, 1973. Machines That Work Like Muscles, and How Maxwell's Demon Was Captured in a Bottle
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

December, 1971. An Amateur Breaks Glass with a Purpose: to Determine the Patterns of Fracture
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

November, 1969. Old Refrigerators Are Salvaged to Build a Laboratory Cooler and Gas Liquefier
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

October, 1969. The Flow of Blood, Weather Vanes, Telescope Mirrors and the Conductivity of Insulators
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

November, 1967. How to Make an Electrochemical Cell and Also an Unusual Kind of Sundial
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 4: (POSSIBLY LETHAL!!) Utility: 

November, 1966. Two Devices for Electric Welding, One Using a Carbon Arc Torch and the Other a Rattrap
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 4: (POSSIBLY LETHAL!!)  Utility: 

October, 1965. An Electrometer, a Temperature Control Apparatus, and a Simple Electric Motor
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

August, 1965. How to Measure Raindrops, Make Snowflakes, and Simulate Subatomic Particle Scattering
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

January, 1965. On a Paradoxical Pump, Reversing Cubes, Vortex Rings, and Various Other Matters
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

December, 1964. Mainly on Simulating Gravitational Fields with Droplets of Water on a Soap Bubble
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

November, 1964. Moire Patterns Provide Both Recreation and Some Analogues for Solving Problems
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

December, 1962. An Apparatus for Studying the Crystallization in Solutions Frozen on a Mercury Surface
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

April, 1961. Various Experiments for a Rainy Weekend
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

February, 1961. Concerning Periscopes, High Vacuums, Microprojection and Photomicrography
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

February, 1958. How a Gas-Discharge Tube Was Made and Applied in Diverting Experiments
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 4: (POSSIBLY LETHAL!!)  Utility: 

August, 1952. Concerning (1) the Life of the May Fly; (2) the Spectra of Diffraction Gratings
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

topMeasurement
 

October, 2000. Down Among the Micrograms
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: Danger 1: (No Hazards)  Utility: 

June, 2000. Home is Where the ECG Is
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: Danger 1: (No Hazards)  Utility: 

March, 2000. An Automated Precision Magentometer
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: Danger 1: (No Hazards)  Utility: 

December, 2000. Calibrating with Cold
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

August, 1996. Detecting Micron-Sized Movements
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

June, 1996. Homemade Microgram Electrobalances
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

October, 1975. An Amateur's Version of a. a. Michelson's Apparatus for Measuring the Speed of Light
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

April, 1975. An Amateur Undertakes the Ultimate in Mechanical Precision, a Ruling Engine
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

September, 1974. A Venerable Clock Is Made Highly Accurate By Equipping It with Quarts-Crystal Works
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

July, 1974. The Polariscope As a Measuring Instrument and As a Means of Creating Objects of Art
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

March, 1972. A Simple Motor with Compensating Devices Is the Key to a Homemade Chart Recorder
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

December, 1970. How to Make an Isoteniscope: an Apparatus for Measuring the Boiling Point of Fluids
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

May, 1970. A Simple New Amplifying Device Is Adapted to Driving a Pen Recorder
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

February, 1968. Building a Sensitive Magnetometer and an Accurate Solid State Timer
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

August, 1967. A Gauge to Measure Tiny Changes in Gas Pressure; Growth Substances in Plants
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

July, 1966. An Inexpensive Machine to Record Observational Data Automatically
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

February, 1966. How to Record and Listen to the Electrical Signals Produced By Microscopic Animals
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

June, 1964. How to Make a Series Interferometer to Observe Various Subtle Phenomena
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

April, 1964. A Tuning Fork with Electric Drive Can Make an Inexpensive and Highly Accurate Clock
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

March, 1963. How to Make a Highly Accurate Clock That Utilizes Tunnel Diodes
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

January, 1962. How to Make an Electrocardiogram of a Water Flea and Investigate Other Bioelectric Effects
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

June, 1961. An Amateur's Improved Design for a Homemade Quartz Crystal Clock
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

September, 1957. How to Make an Extremely Accurate Clock Based on the Vibration of a Quartz Crystal
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

February, 1957. How a Young Amateur Mastered the Carbon 14 Dating Method of Dating Ancient Organic Materials
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

February, 1956. Mostly about the Investigation of Electrical Discharges Without Expensive Vacuum Pumps
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

August, 1954. About Various Things, Mainly an Instrument for the Very Precise Measurement of Length
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

February, 1954. Two Astronomical Matters: Electronic Light Meters and "Off-Axis" Reflecting Telescopes
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

March, 1953. On Scintillation Counters and How a Group of Amateurs Helped to Build a Planetarium
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

July, 1952. The Pleasures and Pitfalls of Archaeology, and More on the Making of Ruling Engines
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

June, 1952. Mountain Geology and an Amateur Contribution to a New Ruling Engine
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

topMicroscopy
 

May, 1999. Hot View of a Microscopic World
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

October, 1998. Spying on an Invisible World
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

January, 1979. How to Make Dazzling Photomicrographs with Simple and Inexpensive Equipment
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

September, 1973. A High School Physics Club Builds Electron Microscopes
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 4: (POSSIBLY LETHAL!!)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

April, 1968. Two Methods of Microscope Lighting That Produce Color
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

June, 1954. About Making a Microscope, a New Idea for a Large Telescope and Other Matters
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

January, 1953. On the Fascination of Microscopy and Some Curious Amateur Observations of the Moon
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

topPhotography
 

October, 1990. A Remote-Control Camera That Catches the Wind and Captures the Landscape
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

December, 1987. How to Capture on Film the Faint Glow Emitted When Sticky Tape Is Peeled Off a Surface
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

November, 1981. The Pleasure of the Pin Hole Camera and Its Relative the Pinspeck Camera
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

August, 1974. An Air Flash Lamp Advances Color Schlieren Photography
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

May, 1971. Schlieren Photography Is Used to Study the Flow of Air Around Small Objects
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

December, 1969. How to Make Photographs in Polymer and Build a Sensitive Pressure Gauge
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

July, 1964. On Constructing High-Speed Cameras for Photographing Fleeting Events
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

February, 1964. How to Photograph Air Currents in Color and Build an Accurate Foucault Pendulum
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

November, 1957. How to Make Extremely Energetic Sparks for High-Speed Photography and Other Purposes
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 4: (POSSIBLY LETHAL!!)  Utility: 

March, 1957. Wherein a Gifted Naturalist and High-Speed Photographer Experiments with Hummingbirds
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

March, 1957. Wherein a Gifted Naturalist and High-Speed Photographer Experiments with Hummingbirds
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

December, 1953. Two Optical Matters: the Making of a "Fish Eye" Camera and the Buying of a Microscope
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

topRadiometry
 

January, 1999. Taking the Earth's Magnetic Pulse
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

May, 1996. Detecting Natural Electromagnetic Waves
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

August, 1995. Detecting Signals with Noise
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

January, 1973. An Inexpensively Modified Transistor Radio Is Used in Several Entertaining Experiments
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

March, 1968. Little Radio Transmitters for Short-Range Telemetry
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

July, 1958. How a Kansas Amateur Group Counts Meteors By Reflection of Radio Waves
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

September, 1979. A Radiation Detector Made Out of Aluminum Foil and a Tin Can
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EASY; NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

topSpectroscopy
 

January, 1980. A Homemade Spectrophotometer Scans the Spectrum in a Thirtieth of a Second
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: EXPERT; ADVANCED AMATEUR OR PROFESSIONAL. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

January, 1975. A High School Student Builds a Recording Spectrophotometer
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 1: (No hazards)  Utility: 

March, 1974. A New Kind of Spectrohelioscope for Observing Solar Prominences
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

July, 1970. How to Construct a Molecular-Beam Apparatus and a Mass Spectrometer
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

October, 1968. An Ultraviolet Spectrograph Designed By the Illustrator of This Department
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

May, 1968. A Spectrophotometer Is Built for Less Than $75
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

September, 1966. On the Making of an Inexpensive Diffraction-Grating Spectrograph
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: ADVANCED; SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

April, 1959. How Amateurs Can Build a Simple Magnetic-Resonance Spectrometer
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: EXPERT; ADVANCED AMATEUR OR PROFESSIONAL. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY.

September, 1958. How a Group of High School Students Constructed a Beta-Ray Spectrometer
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: EXPERT; ADVANCED AMATEUR OR PROFESSIONAL. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

September, 1956. About a Diffraction Grating Spectrograph Made of Materials Costing Under $100
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: EXPERT; ADVANCED AMATEUR OR PROFESSIONAL. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

topThermometry
 

March, 1999. Home-Made Precision Thermometer
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

February, 1999. Tackling the Triple Point
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

June, 1967. A Sensitive Electronic Thermometer Used for Making a Study in Micrometeorology
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

topVacuum
 

November, 1996. Much Ado about Nothing
Cost:$0-100 Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

October, 1996. Working in a Vacuum
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: 

September, 1965. An Apparatus for Simulating High Altitudes and Testing Their Effects on Small Animals
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE; SOME SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED. Danger 2: (Minor injury possible)  Utility: 

March, 1960. Concerning Homemade Vacuum Pumps and Some of the Things That Can Be Done with Them
Cost:$100+ Difficulty: BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE Danger 3: (Serious injury possible)  Utility: